Harry+Vildibill

The French Revolution

__ Important Dates/Information __ Period of political reform when old ideas about tradition and hierarchy - of monarchy, aristocracy were abruptly overthrown by new principles of equality, citizenship, inalienable rights, as well as nationalism and democracy June 20, 1789- The Tennis Court Oath July 14, 1789- The storming of Bastille October 5-6, 1789- Women's March to Versaille June 20-21, 1791- Escape To Varennes August 10, 1792- Overthrow of the Monarchy September 22 1792- France is declared a republic

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__ Guillotine __ The guillotine was named after a French physician, Joseph-Ignace Guillotin. He did not actually invent the machine, but he suggested it to the French government as a form of execution. Commoners usually did not deserve the convenience of a quick death. The popularity of the machine grew during the 19th and 20th centuries. It eventually spread to Germany, Greece, Switzerland and Sweden. The last person to be guillotined in France was Hamida Djadoubi in September 1977. [] __ Geography __ France is a country located in central Europe. It boarders Spain, Italy, Monaco, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Germany and Belgium. The seas that France has access to are the Mediterranean Sea, the North Sea, the British Channel and the Atlantic Ocean. The four main mountain ranges in France are the Alps, Pyrenees, Massif Central, Jura, Vosges.

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__ Baroness Emmuska Orczy __ Baroness Emmuska Orczy was born on September 23, 1865 to poor Hungarian parents. When she was 15, she moved to London and learned English. She attended the West London School of Art. While studying at the Heatherby School of Art, she met Montague Barstow and later married him. Orczy has written dozens of other novels, plays, and short stories but her most famous work is __The Scarlet Pimperne__l. She died on November 12, 1947.

[] __ Fashion and Culture __ The French Revolution sparked many changes in the way the French dressed. It changed from ornate style of dressing to a simplistic style. Many people wore dark, solid colors. Women dressed with a natural look by keeping their hair in curls and they refrained from using cosmetics. Men had a military style appearance. Hair was worn natural, without powder and the wig was no longer worn.

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__ Influences __
 * The American Revolution greatly influenced the French Revolution. It gave the French inspiration to have a rebirth of a new nation, just as America had done.
 * The Americans inspired the French by making them think that they did not have to live under tyranny, so they decided to revolt against their leaders too.
 * Drought and bad winters caused the price of bread to rise, which many people could not afford.
 * King Louis XVI’s predecessors had spent a large amount of money on wars, causing the nation go nearly bankrupt

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__ The Storming of Bastille __ The Bastille is a French prison that was attacked on July 14, 1789. The main people placed in this prison were aristocratic prisoners who could not be put into a prison with commoners. This was known as the turning point in the French Revolution.



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__ Versailles __ The palace of Versailles was the residence of the royal family from 1682 until 1789. Is a symbol of absolute monarchy.

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__ The Social Classes of France __ The highest class was made up of clergy and priests. The second class is made up of the French aristocracy. The aristocrats could impose taxes on the lower class and there was nothing they could do about it. The last class consists of peasants and common laborers.

[] __﻿__ __ The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen __ It is a document of the French Revolution that declares the rights of a citizen. It was the first step toward writing a French constitution. It was created by Marquis de Lafayette on August 16, 1789. 1.Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good. 2.The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. 3.The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation. No body nor individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation. 4.Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else; hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits except those which assure to the other members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights. These limits can only be determined by law. 5.Law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society. Nothing may be prevented which is not forbidden by law, and no one may be forced to do anything not provided for by law. 6.Law is the expression of the general will. Every citizen has a right to participate personally, or through his representative, in its foundation. It must be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes. All citizens, being equal in the eyes of the law, are equally eligible to all dignities and to all public positions and occupations, according to their abilities, and without distinction except that of their virtues and talents. 7.No person shall be accused, arrested, or imprisoned except in the cases and according to the forms prescribed by law. Any one soliciting, transmitting, executing, or causing to be executed, any arbitrary order, shall be punished. But any citizen summoned or arrested in virtue of the law shall submit without delay, as resistance constitutes an offense. 8.The law shall provide for such punishments only as are strictly and obviously necessary, and no one shall suffer punishment except it be legally inflicted in virtue of a law passed and promulgated before the commission of the offense. 9.As all persons are held innocent until they shall have been declared guilty, if arrest shall be deemed indispensable, all harshness not essential to the securing of the prisoner's person shall be severely repressed by law. 10.No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions, including his religious views, provided their manifestation does not disturb the public order established by law. 11.The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man. Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom, but shall be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law. 12.The security of the rights of man and of the citizen requires public military forces. These forces are, therefore, established for the good of all and not for the personal advantage of those to whom they shall be entrusted. 13.A common contribution is essential for the maintenance of the public forces and for the cost of administration. This should be equitably distributed among all the citizens in proportion to their means. 14.All the citizens have a right to decide, either personally or by their representatives, as to the necessity of the public contribution; to grant this freely; to know to what uses it is put; and to fix the proportion, the mode of assessment and of collection and the duration of the taxes. 15.Society has the right to require of every public agent an account of his administration. 16.A society in which the observance of the law is not assured, nor the separation of powers defined, has no constitution at all. 17.Since property is an inviolable and sacred right, no one shall be deprived thereof except where public necessity, legally determined, shall clearly demand it, and then only on condition

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